The Anarcha, Betsey & LucyAnarcha, Betsey, and Lucy were three enslaved Black women whose bodies were exploited in the 1840s by J. Marion Sims, often called the father of modern gynecology. Suffering from vesicovaginal fistulas after childbirth, they were subjected to repeated experimental surgeries without anesthesia or consent, as Sims refined techniques that would later be widely used. Anarcha endured dozens of operations, Lucy experienced extreme pain and infection, and